The Destruction of Earth's Oceans

Earth’s Oceans: Natural Sanctuary or Mankind’s Toxic Playground

Every year oceans around the world face a battle of monumental proportions. That battle is the pollution, and toxins mankind produces that run freely into ocean shores. The oceanic world is one like no other known to humans. The underwater world of earth is so large that humans have yet to reach some of the deepest locations, or discover undetermined amounts of oceanic creatures not yet know to humans. However, mankind has left its mark on the world’s oceans. Pollution from major cities runs through storm systems that take countless toxic materials directly to major shorelines. Deep-well oilrigs clutter the once tranquil waterscape of California’s shores, and the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Although these unsightly skyscrapers of the sea provide a tarnished view of shorelines, they also produce large amounts of byproducts, and on occasion, catastrophic failures that dump thousands of gallons of oil into the waters. Oceanic destruction is a major concern on a worldwide spectrum, but one cannot change the world without finding a place to start.

Puget Sound Washington

The Puget Sound is a major waterway that runs deep into the sate of Washington from the Pacific Ocean. The sound has a fjord-like physiography, and stretches deeper inland than any other waterway of it’s kind in the lower 48 states (Encyclopedia of Puget Sound, 2013). Other unique features of Puget Sound include a large range of depths, and a limited exchange of seawater between the Sound’s sub-basins, which can result in long residence times, increases in biota to contamination introduced through human society (Encyclopedia of Puget Sound, 2013). This major waterway provides shipping access to the major ports of Seattle and Tacoma, a major industry in both cities. Besides major shipping lines, Puget Sound supports recreational cruise lines with northern ports. Puget Sound also provides safe harbor to companies in the mining, logging, and chemical industries. Puget Sound has numerous islands that support both human and wildlife activities. Vashon Island, my hometown, is one of the largest islands in Puget Sound not connected to the mainland by bridges; residents rely completely on water transportation to travel to Seattle, Tacoma, and other parts of Washington. 

Toxicity Problems

Because Puget Sound is a diverse location that is home to dozens of water species, avian species, wildlife, and human beings, there is a concern about toxicity in the Sound. In Washington State the estimated amount of rainfall that falls on a single home in the region is 26,600 gallons. Using an estimation of 4.5 million homes, the Puget Sound region is exposed to approximately 14 million pounds of toxic chemicals (People for Puget Sound, n.d.). On an annual basis, it is estimated that 710,000 to 800,000 pounds of petroleum contaminates, 250,000 to 300,000 pounds of zinc are deposited into Puget Sound (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2011). In addition, 61,000 to 140,000 pounds of copper, and 300 to 600 pounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are being released into Puget Sound on an annual basis (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2011).

It is estimated that over the past 100 years, a wide array of toxic chemicals have been introduced into Puget Sound. Many of these chemicals are responsible for health problems and death in the people, plants, and animals of Puget Sound (Puget Sound Partnership, 2008). Most of the toxic discharges that flow into Puget Sound come from sources like industrial discharges, sewage treatment plant discharges, oil spills, exhaust and fluid leaks from motor vehicles, emissions resulting from fossil fuels, pilings and railroad ties coated with creosote, and chemicals from pesticides, herbicides, and other products used by people in the surrounding areas (Puget Sound Partnership, 2008). This contaminates produce high risks to human health because they settle into shellfish, and are digested by fish in the Sound. Marine plant and animal life including seals and orca whales are showing higher levels of toxic contamination from continued exposure (Puget Sound Partnership, 2008).

Besides these chemicals there are other forms of pollution that invade the Puget Sound area. Because Puget Sound is home to numerous islands, and is a separating waterway that stretches through a large portion of Washington State, Puget Sound is home to the largest operating ferry system in the United States (Welch, 2013). Ferry service runs from island to island, and connects the islands to the ports of Seattle and Tacoma. The continual ferry schedules produce a large amount of noise pollution, and water disturbances that hamper the well-being of native water inhabitants (Welch, 2013). In addition to the ferry system, Puget Sound is also the main waterway to the ports of Seattle and Tacoma where hundreds of shipping freighters, and recreational cruise ships dock regularly (Welch, 2013)

Marine pollution is not just about chemicals released into the waters. Pollution also refers to the thousands of pounds of trash that flows into the oceans (National Geographic, 2013), and into various deltas on a annual basis. Each year a New Jersey-sized flotilla of garbage forms in the Mississippi Delta, and a thousand-mile wide area made of decomposing plastic is evident in the Pacific Ocean (National Geographic, 2013). These islands of trash are made of a variety of items disposed of by humans on an annual basis (National Geographic, 2013).  New reports indicate the new formations that include the Pacific Trash Vortex, which is estimated to be the size of Texas, and a newly discovered patch in the Atlantic Ocean that was discovered in early 2010 (National Geographic, 2013).

Promoting Eco-Friendly Behavior

Promoting eco-friendly behavior is becoming more important in mainstream society because environmental groups, major corporations, and various government agencies are producing information that is easily accessed by the average individual (United States Environmental Agency, 2012). One of the most effective methods of increasing environmental awareness is community activities like recycling programs. These programs encourage residents to recycle items they would normally place in the trash. Local rubbish collection companies, and agencies in some areas provide residents with special recycle bins to place plastic, paper, and glass. These bins are collected by special trucks that take the contents directly to recycling facilities instead of the local garbage dump (United Sates Environmental Agency, 2012).

Another effective method used to promote environmental friendly behavior is a wider reaching program known as Earth Day. This annual day of recognition for environmentally friendly behavior is celebrated around the globe (Scholastic.com, 2012). Earth day promoted various activities designed to educate children and adults on how to promote earth friendly activities that include special teaching sessions that cover recycling, composting, water conservation, gas emissions, and natural resources (Scholastic.com, 2012). Events like Earth Day are designed to reach out and energize people on the concepts of “going green”. Promotion of Earth Day is not regulated to educational materials. There are games, clubs, contests, and other activities that excite people, and help gain interest into the cause (Scholastic.com, 2012).

Increasing Pro-Environmental Behavior

Promoting environmental behavior can transpire in both positive and negative methods. Positive reinforcement goes back to B.F. Skinner’s (1904-1990) behavioral model of operant conditioning. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) believed the best way to understand human behavior was to study the root cause of an action, and the consequences of that action (McLeod, 2007). This process can be used as a positive method of conditioning people to use more environmentally friendly approaches to daily life. Using a laddering technique, one can focus on particular behaviors and values of an individual, and use these to develop an eco-friendly method of changing or shaping environmentally friendly behavior (Mirosa, Lawson, & Gnoth, 2013). Negative influences also change an individual’s mind or perception of environmental concerns because these influences can complicate an individual’s daily life. Issues like sewage treatment plants overflowing after major rain storms can cause street closures, evacuations, and the release of thousands of gallons of raw sewage into the soil and water table (Butler, 2013).

Technology

Technology has produced both positive and negative influences on the environment. In the days of early man, there were no machines or factories (Youthkiawaaz.com, 2011). Mankind used simple methods of collecting materials for housing, hunting, and personal comfort. The use of spears and stone axes produced little impact on the environment because these tools were not used in scales large enough to result in any ecological harm (Youthkiawaaz.com, 2011). As technology advanced into the modern age, simple tools advanced to machines that rip large portions of earth from the ground in search of minerals, and cut down vast areas of rain forests to produce wood for construction and other uses. But just as technology produced negative influences on the environment, it has also produced positive influences. Oil rigs drill deep into the ocean’s crust, destroying and damaging the ocean floor, and releasing pollutants harmful to oceanic life, but the same technology has lead to the development of containment measures to reduce the harmful affects of an oil spill (Youthkiawaaz.com, 2011). Automotive industries have invested in eco-friendly power sources to drive cars of the future, and shipping manufacturers are developing ways to muffle propeller sounds so they will not cause harm to whales and other marine life (Youthkiawaaz.com, 2011).

Environmental Policies

Environmental policy can be a double-edged sward in the world of politics and public relations. These policies regulate certain aspects of environmental control like automotive exhaust emissions, and the amount of pollutants a factory can release into the atmosphere. But these policies also come at a cost. Many environmental policies promote eco-friendly behavior by producing educational materials, and developing incentives for those who follow policy. However, many environmental policies have loopholes that permit companies to purchase pollution credits, or place unrealistic restrictions on building codes (DeYoung, 2013). Because environmental policies vary from state to state, and even on a federal level, they are difficult for the average citizen to understand. This can lead to people becoming frustrated with the policies in place, which results in people completely ignoring the policies all together. On the other hand, policies that give the public the ability to relate on a personal level enhances interest, and leads to people becoming more active in conservation programs (DeYoung, 2013).

Conclusion

Conservation of the environment should be a major concern for every living person on earth because the very future of mankind hinges on how the environment reacts to the constant barrage of toxins and various pollutants mankind throws at it n a daily basis.  The oceans are a becoming toxic waste dumps that poison oceanic life, and threaten the health of hundreds of thousands of people that either live near or survive on the resources the ocean provides. Conservation of oceanic territories like Puget Sound can reverse the decades of harmful influences that mankind has produced, and make the waters of these regions safe for both human and oceanic life. Education, preservation, and new technology designed to improve conservation of the waters should be a major focus of those who make policy today, and generations of policy makers to come.

References

Butler, K. (2013). Mother Nature Network. Retrieved from http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/stories/when-waste-attacks-5-big-sewage-disasters

DeYoung, R. (2013). Environmental Psychology. Retrieved from http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rdeyoung/envtpsych.html

Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.eopugetsound.org/topics/categories/14

Mirosa, M., Lawson, R., & Gnoth, D. (2013, May). Linking Personal Values to Energy-Efficient Behaviors in the Home. Environment and Behavior, 45(4), 455-475. doi:10.1177/0013916511432332

National Geogrpahic. (2013). Retrieved from http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-marine-pollution/

People for Puget Sound. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pugetsound.org

Puget Sound Partnership. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.psparchives.com/our_work/toxics.htm

Scholastic.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://teacher.scholastic.com/earth_day/

United States Environmental Agency. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/localgov/

Washington State Department of Ecology. (2011). New Ecology study refines understanding of toxic contamination in surface runoff. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/news/2011/136.html

The Human Influence on the Environment

The Human Plague On Earth

The earth is a living organism that changes daily because of the gravitational effects of the sun, and moon. These effects cause the oceans to change in levels and tidal motions, and produce physical stress on the earth’s crust. Scientists have spent decades trying to understand the different changes the earth has experienced, and the causes of the various changes. Early humans are suspected to have little to no concept of what causes variations in climate, ocean tides, earthquakes, and other phenomena the earth experiences on a regular cycle. Researchers surmise that the earth has experienced several catastrophic events that have changed the face of the planet. These events, whether a natural phenomena or an event like a meteoric collision have caused dramatic changes in climate, land mass, and oceanic properties. 

The Human Factor

The human factor dates back to early man. Although early man did not have advanced machinery, major city centers, or any personal conveniences humanity has today, man still had an active role in environmental influence. Early man used stones as tools and weapons for hunting, and self defense (Long, & Chakov, 2009). Trees would be cut down to provide shelter and clothing. As man progressed, mining became a popular method of obtaining precious metals needed to create tools, and used for trade. As man progressed, precious metals and gems became the standard currency for trade between neighboring countries, and the need for increased production escalated (Long, & Chakov, 2009).

As society grew, the need for housing became an important aspect of humanity. Because metal was not a common material used for construction, people relied on wood produced from the flourishing forests. As the need for food production grew, land was acquired by cutting down trees to produce farming lands (Long & Chakov, 2009). By the time the first organized social cultures developed, major land masses were being changed from natural habitats to cities that houses masses of people. The need for advancement prompted humanity to seek alternative methods of construction, mining, and food production (Long & Chakov, 2009). Consideration for the earth or the environment was not a concern for humans during these periods because there were no noticeable changes. When humans advanced to the machine age, the needs of society and demand for production grew with complete abandonment of concern for the environment. Factories were built to produce goods in massive scale throughout the world. Pollutants from these factories filled the air with no regard for conservation because humans were not aware that the pollutants being released would produce negative effects on the environment.

The Earth and Nature

The earth and her environment are a delicate combination. The oceans provide home for countless species of aquatic life. Rivers and streams provide a constant renewal of water to the oceans, and along the path, provide flourishing abundance of plant life, and aquatic sanctuaries for smaller creatures. Forests serve as natural air cleaners that filter out some pollutants, and expel clean byproducts that provide out atmosphere with a natural balance. Forests also provide dense sanctuaries for countless insects, avian and ground dwelling animals, and hide secrets that Mother Nature keeps locked away.

There are other aspects to nature as well. Volcanos roar and spew molten lava that destroys everything in its path, but in return that same lava creates new landmasses. Tectonic plates constantly push and grind against each other building up pressure immense that it finally gives way to violent earthquakes. These earthquakes reshape the earth around them; create valleys and hills where there was once flat land. Natural phenomena like lightening storms can result in major forest fires that destroy great numbers of trees and life. However, even this violent action provides a service. Naturally occurring forest fires burn undergrowth and old trees so new life can emerge. The burned ashes and remnants of trees and bushes produce nourishment to the new growth, making it stronger and healthier.

Destruction

Much of the earth faces destruction from natural sources that serve to change the face of the planet through natural evolution. Earthquakes create new mountains and valleys, volcanoes create new land expansion and create islands where there was once nothing but water. Other natural planetary actions like storms cause fires that clear overgrown forest areas, and flood low-lying lands to create marshes. These are all actions that are part of earth’s master plan. But there are forces that go above earth’s master plan. Meteor strikes devastate massive areas of land, and have been the primary theory of the destruction of prehistoric earth. Solar flares interrupt the earth’s magnetic fields and cause energy shifts. These are part of the universe’s master plan

.

Then there is mankind, a plague that spread so rapidly across the earth. The earth has no natural defenses against this plague, and with every generation the earth suffers more destruction from the hands of mankind than all of the natural phenomena combined. One of mankind’s main contributions to the destruction of earth is war. Military action produces extreme damage to the health of earth, the water, and the air; all requirements of supporting life (Lindsay-Poland, 2001). Machines of war like naval fleets cause damage to aquatic environments, and produce sounds that interrupt natural migration paths of certain marine creatures. Nuclear testing destroys vast amounts of land mass, and leaves behind toxic wastelands that remain desolate for decades or longer. Toxins from bomb  and munitions testing leave behind toxic heavy metals and chemicals that infiltrate the water table, resulting in countless cases of cancer in humans, and devastation of plant and animal life (Lindsay-Poland, 2001). Another contribution of mankind is deforestation. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2013) “Deforestation is the clearing or thinning of forests, the cause of which is normally implied to be human Activity” (para. 1). Every year, thousands of rain forest, and forests throughout the world suffer destruction because the growth of mankind requires new land to expand living space for the growing population, materials for construction, and land for farming (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The effects of deforestation are vast. Logging creates open, drier spaces where once closed and wetter spaces existed, resulting in vulnerability to fires, and killing effects of natural phenomena like drought (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013).Global dangers are also a concern of deforestation. Healthy forests reduce carbon as they grow, provide stability to hillsides, which reduces landslides, and soil degradation. Deforestation creates excess carbon dioxide or greenhouse gasses that create changes in global climate. It destroys natural habitats for countless species that require forested areas for survival, resulting in extinction of some species of animals, and plants alike (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013).

Pros and Cons

There are arguments on both sides of ecological issues. Some believe that mankind truly has no substantial influence on climate changes and other natural phenomena. These people surmise that the earth has undergone numerous environmental changes throughout history, and that issues like global warming are a naturally occurring event. These people attribute issues of deforestation as a positive aspect of human growth, stating that as humanity grows, it is only natural for man to take from forests to produce viable farmland and space for population growth. Those who support war efforts believe that testing is a requirement to produce military advancements, and that the areas used for testing of munitions are far enough from societal hubs that any perceived dangers are negated. Environmentalists on the other side of the issue believe that most of the atmospheric changes are a result of human actions. Scientists on both sides of the argument that produce compelling data for each side have performed countess studies. However, the fact remains; mankind is destroying the earth, and the natural balance of the environment. Cities with paved streets increase temperatures, dams alter natural paths of rivers, and deforestation reduces precious environments required by some species for survival.

Conclusion

In conclusion, one must determine which side of environmental issues he or she stands. Compelling data indicates that the environment experiences naturally occurring changes that greatly influence the earth. There is also an abundance of compelling data that shows mankind’s actions are a major influence on the natural environment, and that the devastation mankind inflicts on the environment irreversibly destroys plant life, animal habitats, and oceanic balance. Mankind will not cease to advance, but the earth, and the environment cannot advance along with us. If mankind truly wants to keep earth healthy and able to support not just our lives, however, the life of all the other creatures that inhabit the earth, we must find a balance between necessity and preservation of all the earth’s valuable resources.

References

deforestation. (2013). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155854/deforestation

Lindsay-Poland, J. (2001). Reclaiming the earth from military destruction. Fellowship, 67(7-8), 13-13. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/209422589?accountid=35812

Long, H., Chakov, K.,  (2009). Social Evolution - Anthropological Theories. Retrieved from http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Social%20Evolutionism

The Effects of People and Noise Pollution

The Effects of People and Noise

Humans are by nature territorial. The need for personal space, and territory is an inherent trait that stems back to early mankind. In the early stages of mankind, privacy may not have been as large a factor as it is in modern society because early man was more likely to live in pack environments. As mankind advanced, and society modernized with villages and settlements, the value of privacy became more important. This modernization of man also increased the human need for territory and personal space. In early settlements, families began to live as separate dwellings from other tribe members. As mankind evolved from early settlements, people started congregating larger numbers in smaller environments. This evolution in mankind refined early man’s need for less restrictive territorial, personal, and private spaces to a major aspect of human socialization.

In modern society, individual need for territory has developed from large plots of land to include smaller spaces in congested urban environments. These smaller spaces could be a house in a suburban neighborhood to a small apartment in the inner city. No matter where the individual’s territory is, it is a place that he or she can personalize, and create his or her own personal space, personality, and privacy. Another concern for society is noise intrusion. As society advanced into more congested environments, noise levels rose in as society advanced. In the early days of villages or settlements, nature was still the primary noise, but noises also developed from society. Sounds of horses, people in shopping areas, and other congregational areas rose. As mankind advanced on mechanical and technological levels, the sounds of the natural environment became drowned out by sounds of factories, cars, and other noises associated with growing societies.

The Perception of Territory

When people think of territory, it is common to think of a small piece of land controlled by an individual, or a large area like a city, state or country controlled by a group of people (Saitoh, 1985). In the animal kingdom, large predator cats mark their hunting territory by spraying or scenting trees or shrubs that surround their territory (Saitoh, 1985). Although humans do not scent or spray shrubs or trees, people do mark territorial boundaries with both physical and mental markings. Because humans are basically animals, it is safe to surmise that some territorial tendencies do transfer from one species to another (Gosling, 2001). To understand territorial possession or behavior, one must first consider personality types. Some people have affiliative personalities, whereas others have aggressive or assertive personalities. People with affiliative personalities are less likely to be protective of territory than a person with an aggressive personality (Gosling, 2001). Because human personality, like those of animals, differs by geographic, social, and historical properties, territorial perspectives are also going to differ accordingly (Gosling, 2001).

In the modern age of technology, the word “territory” has expanded to include physical and virtual environments. Humans are expanding personal environments to include cyber-spaces like FaceBook, MySpace, Twitter, and other social networking systems. Individuals partaking in regular online activities start to become possessive of their Internet identity, and relate to home pages, and social sites as their personal territory (Slane, 2005). Individuals become protective on these cyber-territories, even to a point of becoming angered if a server suffers an Internet attack, or if strangers try to gain access to private spaces, or send unsolicited communications via email (Slane, 2005).

The Perception of Privacy

Privacy is more difficult to define than territory because it references a vast amount of interests that include controlling personal data, and access to particular places or physical presence (Kemp, 2007). Privacy is an issue that crosses many aspects of society. There are aspects of personal privacy relating to an individual’s right to release personal information, and legal aspects of privacy that guarantee an individual’s rights related to personal privacy (Kemp, 2007). For example the HIPPA Omnibus Rule that provides federal protection of individual medical records, and the rights of the individual to disclose said information (HHS.Gov, 2013).

As with other societal issues, privacy, and how an individual views it based on his or her societal and cultural structure. The United Sates, for example has laws that protect the privacy of citizens from illegal search and seizure from state or federal agencies, whereas citizens of most communist countries are not provided the same rights (Kemp, 2007). More controversial issues regarding privacy is an issue that faces constant backlash from people from multiple cultural backgrounds. This is the right to privacy provided to women from the outcome of Roe vs. Wade, that challenged the constitutionality of Texas abortion laws (Supreme Court of the United Sates, 1973).

The Perception of Personal Space

Personal space is recognized as the immediate physical area surrounding a person, and where the majority of the person’s interactions take place (Little, 1965). Personal space is an issue that crosses the boundaries of territory and privacy. Personal Space is the area in which a person feels comfortable around others. It is suspected that personal space is recognized by people starting in early childhood, and that differences in personal space varies from males to females, and at different sexual development stages (Oswalt, 2013). Personal space also relates to Internet and other technological devices like cellular phones and fax machines (Federal Trade Commission, 2013). In response to an unbridled barrage of invasions into personal space on the Internet, the President of the United Sates signed into law the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, which restricted unauthorized intrusion from mass email marketers, and marketers using other mediums like fax machines and cellular phones. Invasion of personal space also can be unintentional. Researchers surmise that certain areas of the brain cause discomfort reactions when another person stands too close to another (Novotney, 2004).

The Urban Effect

Humans are by nature social animals. People congregate in social hubs to perform daily tasks like shopping, eating out, and socializing (Wolfe, 2003). As society progresses these social areas become more crowded, and filled with noises that affect an individual’s ability to concentrate (Wolfe, 2003). People living in urban settings are more likely to become protective of personal space, perceived territory, and privacy because population density causes a heightened defensive reaction (Little, 1965). Issues like squatter settlements begin to appear on basement, lobby, and first level floors of many abandoned buildings, which causes a rise in rodent infestations, and diseases because the infrastructure of these buildings no longer functions (Wolfe, 2003). Weather and noise are major factors that influence behavior in urban settings (Stewart, 2009). As temperatures and noise levels change, individual’s ability to concentrate on daily tasks, get proper amounts of sleep, or focus on important actions is inhibited. This results in individuals becoming more frustrated, angry, and anxious in the urban setting, and results in illnesses like stress, heart related problems, and exhaustion (Stewart, 2009).

Reducing The Urban Effect

Natural settings within urban environments allow people to access spaces developed to provide a sense of peace and tranquility to the busy urban setting around them. Areas that serve as social gathering spaces like zoos allow people in urban settings to learn about wild animals, and explore other living creatures in a safe, and sometimes more natural setting. Parks allow people to relax, play with friends, or have family picnics that bring the family together for a warm, Sunday afternoon. These distractions from the daily urban setting allow a person to relax, which reduces stress levels, and improves individual satisfaction of daily life.

Another method of reducing stressors related to urban environments is noise pollution control. New building materials designed to reduce noise from external sources is being more widely used in new housing projects, and modern office interiors are designed with furnishings that reduce noise pollution from within the office environment. Technology has advanced to increase noise reduction in phone headsets in call centers to allow employees to communicate with customers without distractions, and the development of personal music systems like the iPod allow individuals to use headsets to reduce noise levels in public transportation mediums.

Conclusion

The human animal is a complex creature in regard to perceptions of territory, personal space, and privacy. The reason is he various factors related to how humans perceive these issues. Cultural, societal, and inherent traits play major roles in how we perceive the most personal aspects of our daily lives. In addition to how we perceive these personal issues are other factors like population density, public access to recreational environments, and noise pollution. Recreational resources allow people to congregate in social environments to enjoy personal time with friends and family, which results in reduced stress levels. Advancements in technology allow buildings to reduce external noise sources that enable people to relax more openly in home environments, and office designs incorporate new materials in furnishings, and advancements in technology to help employees perform in a more relaxed and professional environment.

References

            

Gosling, S. D. (2001, Jan). From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal testing. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 45-86. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45

            

HHS.Gov. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index.html

           

Kemp, R. (2007). Privacy. Library Hi Tech, 25(1), 58-78. doi:10.1108/07378830710735867

           

Little, K.B. (1965). Personal space. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1(3), 237-247. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(65)90028-4

            

Novotney, A. (2004, December). New research explores our personal sense of space. Monitor on Psychology, 40(11), 10. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/12/space.aspx

            

Oswalt, A. (2013). Early Childhood Gender Identity and Sexuality. Retrieved from http://www.bhcmhmr.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12771&cn=462

           

Saitoh, T. (1985, December). Practical definition of territory and its application to the spatial distribution of voles. Journal of Ethology, 3(2), 143-149. doi:10.1007/BF02350305

            

Slane, A. (2005). Home Is where the Internet Connection Is: Law, Spam and the Protection of Personal Space. University of Ottawa law and technology journal, 2(2), 255-290.

            

Stewart, A.E. (2009, Fall/Winter). Environmental Psychology, Weather, & Climate. Population & Environmental Psychology Bulletin, 5(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.apadivisions.org/division-34/publications/newsletters/epc/2009/01-issue.pdf           

Supreme Court of the United States, . (1973, December). 410 U.S. 113 Roe v. Wade. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, 70(18), . Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html